- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
- A lightweight text format for structured data — key-value pairs and ordered lists, human-readable and widely supported across languages. The de facto standard for API responses.
- Regex (regular expression)
- A pattern-matching syntax for finding, extracting, or replacing text. A single regex can match thousands of string variations — the regex tester helps you see exactly which ones, and which ones slip through.
- Base64
- An encoding scheme that converts binary data into a string of ASCII characters. Used to transmit binary data over text-only channels — common in email attachments, data URIs, and API authentication headers.
- JWT (JSON Web Token)
- A compact, self-contained token format for transmitting claims (user ID, roles, expiry) between parties. Consists of three base64url-encoded sections: header, payload, and signature.
- Cryptographic hash
- A fixed-length output generated from any input. The same input always produces the same hash; a one-character change produces a completely different output. Used for data integrity checks and — with secure algorithms — password storage.
- UUID
- Universally Unique Identifier — a 128-bit label formatted as 32 hex characters in five groups. Version 4 UUIDs are randomly generated and have collision probability so low they're treated as globally unique.
- CIDR notation
- A compact way to express a network address and its subnet mask — e.g., 192.168.1.0/24, where /24 means the first 24 bits are the network prefix, leaving 8 bits (256 addresses) for hosts.