- VIN (vehicle identification number)
- The 17-character code stamped on every vehicle since 1981. It encodes manufacturer, model, engine, plant, and model year, and it's the key for recall and complaint lookups. It identifies the vehicle, not the owner.
- Open recall
- A safety defect the manufacturer is legally required to fix for free that hasn't yet been repaired on a specific vehicle. Millions of cars on the road carry open recalls their owners don't know about.
- Depreciation
- The loss in a vehicle's market value over time, and typically the single largest cost of ownership. New cars commonly lose a large share of their value in the first three years, which is exactly when long loans and small down payments hurt most.
- Residual value
- What a vehicle is projected to be worth at a future point, expressed in dollars or as a percentage of the original price. It drives lease payments and determines how much of your loan you can recover by selling.
- Negative equity (underwater)
- Owing more on the loan than the car is currently worth. It happens when depreciation outpaces principal paydown, most often with small down payments and long loan terms, and it makes selling or totaling the car expensive.
- APR (annual percentage rate)
- The yearly cost of borrowing including interest and mandatory fees. On auto loans, the APR you qualify for depends heavily on your credit tier and on whether the car is new or used.
- MPGe
- Miles per gallon equivalent, the EPA's way of expressing electric vehicle efficiency in gas-comparable terms. It's based on 33.7 kWh of electricity having the energy content of one gallon of gasoline.