Ohm’s Law is the foundation of every electrical circuit. Enter any two of the four values — voltage, current, resistance, or power — and this calculator instantly solves for the other two using V = IR and P = IV. Results auto-scale to the most readable SI prefix, and the formula used is shown with every calculation.
Pro tip: When measuring resistance with a multimeter, always disconnect the component from the circuit first. Measuring resistance in-circuit gives incorrect readings because current from other components flows through your measurement path. Ohm’s Law calculations assume an isolated component.
Add 2–10 resistor values to calculate equivalent resistance for both series and parallel configurations.
Enter Vin, R1, and R2 to calculate Vout for a standard resistive voltage divider.
Maximum current ratings for common copper wire gauges per NEC 310.16 (75°C column, typical residential/commercial).
How Ohm’s Law Works
Georg Simon Ohm discovered in 1827 that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across those points and inversely proportional to the resistance. The relationship V = I × R is deceptively simple but governs everything from the LED on your desk to the power grid feeding your city. Combined with the Power Law (P = I × V), any two of the four electrical quantities — voltage, current, resistance, and power — can determine the other two. This calculator solves all twelve derived formulas instantly.
When Ohm’s Law Doesn’t Apply
Ohm’s Law assumes a linear, or “ohmic,” relationship between voltage and current. This holds for resistors, most wire, and many passive components. It breaks down for semiconductors like diodes and transistors, where the V–I curve is exponential. Gas discharge tubes, varistors, and thermistors also exhibit nonlinear behavior. For AC circuits, impedance (Z) replaces simple resistance and includes reactive components from capacitors and inductors. If you are designing circuits with nonlinear devices, use Ohm’s Law only for the resistive portions and apply device-specific models elsewhere.
Understanding Series and Parallel Resistance
Resistors in series simply add: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + … + Rn. The same current flows through each, and the voltage drops proportionally. Resistors in parallel follow the reciprocal rule: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn. The total is always less than the smallest individual resistor. A common shortcut for two parallel resistors: Rtotal = (R1 × R2)/(R1 + R2). The series/parallel calculator above handles up to ten resistors in either configuration.
Voltage Dividers in Practice
A voltage divider is two resistors in series that produce an output voltage proportional to the ratio R2/(R1 + R2). They appear everywhere — sensor signal conditioning, bias networks, reference voltages, and level shifting. The critical design constraint is load impedance: if the load resistance is not at least 10× R2, it effectively parallels R2 and shifts Vout lower than expected. Unloaded dividers waste power as heat, so choose resistor values large enough to limit quiescent current but small enough to drive the load.
Wire Gauge Selection and Ampacity
Choosing the correct wire gauge prevents overheating, voltage drop, and fire hazards. The National Electrical Code (NEC) Table 310.16 specifies maximum ampacity for each gauge at different temperature ratings. For residential work, the 75°C column is standard. Beyond ampacity, voltage drop over long runs matters: NEC recommends no more than 3% drop for branch circuits and 5% total from service entrance to outlet. Larger gauge (lower AWG number) wire has lower resistance per foot, reducing both heat and voltage drop.
Common Electrical Calculation Mistakes
The most frequent error is confusing kilowatts with kilovolt-amperes in AC systems — they are only equal at unity power factor. Another common mistake is applying Ohm’s Law to an entire circuit instead of individual components; the law applies across each element, not necessarily from source to ground unless you account for total series resistance. Forgetting that power scales with the square of current (P = I²R) leads to underestimating heat dissipation. Doubling the current through a resistor quadruples the power, which can push components past their wattage rating.
Looking for related tools? Try our Scientific Calculator for advanced math, the Statistics Calculator for data analysis, or the Graphing Calculator to visualize functions. Explore all Math & Science tools.